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Davies, Matthew. "Solar panels: we need to recycle parts of them to use again and avoid a mountain of waste". techxplore.com . Retrieved 29 May 2022. The rare-earth elements (REEs) are vital to modern technologies and society and are amongst the most critical elements. Despite this, typically only around 1% of REEs are recycled from end-products, with the rest deporting to waste and being removed from the materials cycle. [190] Recycling and reusing REEs play an important role in high technology fields and manufacturing environmentally friendly products all around the world. [191] At a government level, CE is viewed as means of combating global warming, as well as a facilitator of long-term growth. [10] CE may geographically connect actors and resources to stop material loops at the regional level. [11] In its core principle, the European Parliament defines CE as, "a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. In this way, the life cycle of products is extended." [3] By the year 2050, 9.3 billion tonnes of CO 2 equivalent (equal to all current emissions from transportation), can be reduced by implementing circular economy strategies in five sectors: cement, aluminum, steel, plastics, and food. [12] [13] [14] Murray, Alan; Skene, Keith; Haynes, Kathryn (2015-05-22). "The Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Concept and Application in a Global Context". Journal of Business Ethics. 140 (3): 369–380. doi: 10.1007/s10551-015-2693-2. S2CID 41486703. There are other critiques of the circular economy (CE). [263] [264] For example, Allwood (2014) discussed the limits of CE 'material circularity', and questioned the desirability of the CE in a reality with growing demand. [54] Do CE secondary production activities (reuse, repair, and remake) actually reduce, or instead displace, primary production (natural resource extraction)? The problem CE overlooks, its untold story, is how displacement is governed mainly by market forces, according to McMillan et al. (2012). [265] It's the tired old narrative, that the invisible hand of market forces will conspire to create full displacement of virgin material of the same kind, said Zink & Geyer (2017). [262] Korhonen, Nuur, Feldmann, and Birkie (2018) argued that "the basic assumptions concerning the values, societal structures, cultures, underlying world-views and the paradigmatic potential of CE remain largely unexplored". [266]
Babri, Maira; Corvellec, Hervé; Stål, Herman I. (2021-10-11). "Material affordances in circular products and business model development: for a relational understanding of human and material agency". Culture and Organization. 28 (1): 79–96. doi: 10.1080/14759551.2021.1986506. ISSN 1475-9551. S2CID 240732205.
In 1982, Walter Stahel was awarded third prize in the Mitchell Prize competition on sustainable business models with a paper The Product-Life Factor. First prize went to the then US Secretary of Agriculture, second prize to Amory and Hunter Lovins, and fourth prize to Peter Senge. [ citation needed] One study suggests that by 2050, up to 40 to 75% of the EU's clean energy metal needs could come from local recycling. [205] Pearce & Turner, Economics Natural Resources Environment | Pearson". www.pearson.com . Retrieved 2021-10-07.
Castro, Camila Gonçalves; Trevisan, Adriana Hofmann; Pigosso, Daniela C. A.; Mascarenhas, Janaina (2022-04-15). "The rebound effect of circular economy: Definitions, mechanisms and a research agenda". Journal of Cleaner Production. 345: 131136. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131136. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 247150037. Walter R. Stahel and Geneviève Reday-Mulvey in their book "The Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy" lay the foundation for the principles of the circular economy by describing how increasing labour may reduce energy intensive activities. Decision making about the circular economy can be performed on the operational (connected with particular parts of the production process), tactical (connected with whole processes) and strategic (connected with the whole organization) levels. It may concern both construction companies as well as construction projects (where a construction company is one of the stakeholders). [ citation needed]
Geissdoerfer, M., Pieroni, M.P., Pigosso, D.C. and Soufani, K. (2020). "Circular business models: A review" (PDF). Journal of Cleaner Production. 277: 123741. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123741. S2CID 225282542. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) When it comes to the furniture industry, most of the products are passive durable products, and accordingly implementing strategies and business models that extend the lifetime of the products (like repairing and remanufacturing) would usually have lower environmental impacts and lower costs. [167] Companies such as GGMS are supporting a circular approach to furniture by refurbishing and reupholstering items for reuse. [168] As with the traditional engineering lifecycle, this approach can be applied to all engineering systems, with the depth of activity tailored depending on the complexity of the product. and can that incorporate multiple inter requiring planning, substantial resource consumption, and prolonged service lifetimes. Complex and certified engineering systems however include many of the smaller products encountered on a daily basis, for example bicycles and household appliances. Implementing the principles of circularity requires all engineering design teams to take a lifecycle approach to the product. The circular economy can cover a broad scope. Researchers have focused on different areas such as industrial applications with both product-oriented, natural resources and services, [45] practice and policies [46] to better understand the limitations that the CE currently faces, strategic management for details of the circular economy and different outcomes such as potential re-use applications [47] and waste management. [48]
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